Asian Chemical Connections

The smarty pants at BASF seem to have got it right again with their $6.1bn bid for Ciba Specialty Chemicals and rumours that they might also be after Clariant.

Talking about counter-cyclical investment is one thing, but doing it is quite another. You need to have built up the cash reserves to execute the obvious - and, of course, need the right product portfolio already in place to earn the money in the first instance.

BASF has made and continues to make a packet from its oil and gas business. It's oft-repeated focus on integration and on getting out of the more cyclical commodities is also paying dividends. It was walking the talk about reducing exposure to such commodities long before a certain US-headquartered company jumped on the bandwagon.

Talking about stating the obvious of buying low and selling high, McKinsey does this - but with some useful numbers - in its report, M&A Strategies In A Down Market. Again this is from the consultancy's excellent monthly newsletter, which is free once you have signed up.

The report's authors have also written a book, The Granularity of Growth. It includes a database of 200 global companies that decomposes the most important sources of growth (market momentum, mergers and share gains). Sectors that suffered big upturns or downturns were then analysed in order to rank the importance of these growth sources - with the study also extending to individual companies strategies.

"Two sets of results stuck out," write the authors.

"First, (I wish consultants would learn to write shorter sentences - my comments in italics) of the potential strategic moves companies can take to grow in a downturn - divest acquire, invest to gain a share - an effective acquisition strategy (defined as growth through M&A at a rate higher than 75 percent of a company's pears) created significant value for shareholders (you can pause for breath now).

"During an upturn, on the other hand (surprise, surpirse), divestments created slightly more value that acquisitions did (this presupposes you can find some mug to buy your business at some ridiculously inflated price on the belief that the economic boom will last forever).

"Second, companies often behave in counterproductive ways. Fewer than half as many companies in the segments we studied made acquisitions in downturns rather than in periods of economic growth. Significantly more divested businesses in those market segments in downturns than in upturns."

The global credit crisis and volatility in stock markets "could temporarily disrupt M&A activity and add risk to existing deals," said Scott Anderson, senior economist at Wells Fargo - the US financial services company. He was speaking at the ICIS Chemical Purchasing Summit, which is taking place in Boston, Massachussets.

He added, however, that conditions were right for further consolidation in the chemicals industry as manufacturing customers become larger.

The Middle East has the cash, of course - as do the Chinese if they can be bothered. Sovereign wealth funds could be the vehicles, as well as the petrochemical companies themselves, for a wholesale shake-up of industry ownership.

And as I've already said, those clever people at BASF look likely to be involved. Being right and having senior executives with brains the size of a small planets is very annoying for those of less able (especially if they are also nice to children and animals, actively care about the environment, give a large proportion of their incomes to charity and are good at football when World Cups come round).

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Yes, a great story in The Daily Telegraph describes how bankers are being written into Christmas pantomimes in the UK as villains. Their reputation has fallen almost as low as that of marketing executives.

But the few bankers that are still around are still shamelessly peddling their wares, including hedging mechanisms for the poor old chemicals industry. The other route to wealth for monsters of leverage is buying plants from bankrupt companies and leasing them out to operators with sufficient cost control to meet whatever feeble demand remains over the next few years.

On naphtha, the more immediate problem is a seriously weird market. As of Friday last week, naphtha was trading $257.50-258.50/tonne CFR Japan for first-half January delivery, according to ICIS pricing.

West Texas Intermediate crude was meanwhile at $53.50/bbl, meaning a multiple of crude to naphtha of less than five times compared with the usual eight or nine times.

In the normal world you would expect refiners to make big run cuts in response to abysmal petrochemical demand for naphtha and the collapse in gasoline consumption. This would restore multiples close to their historic norm.

But as everyone knows, we are not living in a normal world.

The heating oil season, though, is beginning in the northern hemisphere, creating the risk that naphtha might increase.

Would it be wise to lock in cheap prices now through either hedging or stocking up on physical cargoes, just in case naphtha returns to its usual relationship with crude?

At some point, petrochemical demand has to improve, no matter how anaemic. In such an event, prices might literally double overnight from their historic low levels - meaning good returns for anyone who has locked in their feedstock costs.

To quote Woody Allen, "More than any time in history mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness, the other to total extinction. Let us pray that we have the wisdom to choose correctly."

It's refreshing that this was written by an American, given the widely held perception that most of the nation's citizens lack a sense of irony.

As we enter the New Year, gallows humour seems very appropriate as the bad news multiplies from the cancellation of the K-Dow deal to the possibility of LyondellBasell filing for Chapter 11.

My good friend and colleague Paul Hodges makes the following comment on his blog, Chemicals & the Economy: "Petrochemicals has always been a highly cyclical industry. A typical seven-year cycle involves two years of stunning profitability as demand recovers after a downturn, three years of average returns as supply and demand rebalance and two years of horrendous losses."

If you take the start of the upswing as 2003 therefore, the Lyondell and Basell merger in December 2007 was a big risk. Perhaps those who negotiated the $20bn deal believed that cyclicality was dead.

What has, of course, made highly leveraged companies very vulnerable in this downturn is the severity of the credit crisis.

The way forward? Bring in the restructuring consultants, cut, cut and make more cuts and focus on making chemicals as cheaply as possible. The difficulty will be balancing this need with retaining sufficient R&D investment to cope with the inevitable increase in environmental legislation.

I am reading Charles R Morris's The Triillion Dollar Meltdown at the moment, having also recently cheered myself up with Paul Krugman's update of his classic, The Return Of Depression Economics.

As the private equity model implodes, Morris's following words ring so wonderfully true:

"The leveraged-buyout business, after a highbrow restyling as private equity, came roaring back. A typical deal: Put up $1 billion, borrow $4 billiion more, snap up a healthy company for $5 billion (after making a rich deal with its executives), vote yourselves a "special dividend" of $1 billion, all the while taking no risk. 'People talk about a wall of money,' one banker said. Private equity funds didn't have to raise capital; it was chasing them."

I am sure, of course, that such unscrupulous and whollly dishonourable practices have never, ever applied to any private equity deal involving our great and wonderful, wise and so superbly well-run chemicals industry that has always taken a long term and measured view of how to run its operations in the most financially-optimal way and for the benefit of humanity as a whole in its caring and compassionate pursuit of higher and principled ideas for a sustainable, warm and cuddly future where everyone sits around the campfire and sings "Well be coming round the mountain" (enough waffle, stop - please!).

As a very wise man once said, everything goes in and out of fashion like long skirts and short skirts.

Hence, my very capable colleague Malini Hariharan has offered some analysis of South Korea. Its companies, having being brutally hammered by the West post Asian Financial Crisis (which I had pointed out at the time ignored their strengths) are now at the front of the proverbial cat walk because they have low levels of debt.

Of course they have significant competitive disadvantages, but they might at least survive the crisis.

At the moment, a shell-shocked chemicals industry is still recovering from the impact of destocking following the huge inventory write downs in Q4.

The next step will be to measure the state of genuine, end-user demand and how this compares with the fantastic growth we saw in 2003 right through until the end of H1 2008.

Comparisons will inevitably look bad, even if, as some hope, recovery arrives in the second half of this year. This is bound to have a pyschologically dampening effect on markets.

Plus, chemicals and plastics markets are about to be roiled by large amounts of new capacity.

Recent price rises in the aromatics and olefins chains might, therefore, be reversed.

And so cost will remain King in the second of 2009, and perhaps for several more years.

The rise of private equity in chemicals, which I examined in a previous post, resulted in claims that the sector's more efficient management techniques would result in money being made "even at the bottom of the cycle".

But key to survival may no be longer innovative financial engineering and cutting costs social and bureaucracy costs incurred by previously much bigger, listed companies.

It might instead be all about chemical engineers getting every last cent of value out of production processes through optimising "every pipe and every valve," says my colleague Nigel Davis - editor of the Insight section of ICIS news.

It will be fascinating to watch how this plays out - and what becomes of chief financial officers.

This excellent article from The Economist about vertical integration got me thinking that if, say, auto makers start buying up parts suppliers in developed markets (in developing markets the plastics processing industry is too fragmented) we could end up facing a whole new set of industry dynamics.

Buying up your supplier, or at least offering them strategic advice and financing in the way that Toyota does, could end the days of the poor and relatively small converter squeezed between the big petrochemical producers and the giant finished-goods manufacturers. Resin producers might suddenly find themselves facing heavy rather than lightweight opponents.

By Malini Hariharan (Malini is now joint blogger for Asian Chemical Connections)

Talk of Reliance Industries acquiring LyondellBasell is once again gaining momentum. A report in today's Economic Times says that the company is close to announcing a major overseas acquisition with the target being part of the assets of LyondellBasell. The announcement is likely to be made on or before Reliance's annual general meeting on 17 November. Reliance shares rose 3.1% in morning trade.

Citing a banking industry source the report states that the transaction could be around $6bn, nearly double the estimate made by another media report in September.

One my industry sources says that something is brewing and Reliance is on a shortlist of companies that will be participating in LyondellBasell's reorganisation. The source was unable to give names of others on this shortlist.

Details about the proposed buy are still sketchy and today's media report, like the previous one, raises more questions than answers. In what form is Reliance likely to participate - will it be by acquiring an equity stake that LyondellBasell's creditors will soon get through the company's rights offer? Or will it be an outright purchase of some/all assets? Can it happen before LyondellBasell completes its reorganisation or will Reliance be participating in the reorganisation by buying assets/equity?

One analyst thinks that today's report of an imminent announcement is a little premature and a major development is likely only after LyondellBasell emerges from Chapter 11.

It is difficult to evaluate how beneficial the deal would be to Reliance without knowing much of the details. There are certainly parts of LyondellBasell that would be a good fit for Reliance - its PP assets, a global marketing and distribution network and the technology portfolio.

Reliance certainly has the cash for a big ticket acquisition. But the company is not known to be very aggressive when bidding for overseas assets and this is one of the reasons why it lost out on acquisition opportunities in the past. Will it be the same story this time?

Abu Dhabi ahead in the race?

Source of picture: www.gulftrackservices.com

By John Richardson

The global basic chemicals industry is likely to end up under the dominant control of the Middle East, and possibly Asia, within the next 3-5 years, a senior chemicals industry source told this blog.

"We have known for a long time that the centre of gravity is shifting from West to East, but the economic crisis has accelerated this whole process.

"It was easy credit that enabled the West to keep on growing despite high oil prices with some of that credit going into speculation that helped drive energy costs higher.

"Now that the credit bubble has burst we are left with deeply entrenched and very long-term problems, while the Middle East is sitting on a hydrocarbons cash-pile thanks to the extraordinary global economic growth of 2005-2008."

The only barrier to acquisition of a lot more Western assets - including quite possibly high-value technology positions that have to date remained off the table - was politics, he said.

But a second source added: "While I agree that the shifting of ownership has been speeded up by the crisis, I think the West will keep hold of technology positions - especially in downstream specialities.

"Chief executive officers (CEOs) of US and European countries are under pressure to move away from basis chemicals, and so differentiation needs to be preserved.

"But it is true that we have already seen transfer of very valuable polymer technologies."

SABIC's acquisition of GE Plastics was one such transfer with the renamed SABIC Innovative Plastics now seeking to buy high-end polycarbonate (PC) technologies.

The economic recovery, which the second source believed would be sustained, would also give the CEOs some breathing space to negotiate better terms with prospective buyers of basic petrochemicals.

These comments came after ICIS reported that the Abu Dhabi-based International Petroleum Investment Co (IPIC) was in talks with Bayer MaterialScience and four other global petrochemical groups.

But an IPIC spokesman later said: "At present there are no firm plans to do anything with Bayer MaterialScience, or any other chemical company. A number of initiatives are under consideration internally, but nothing has been decided."

IPIC has already acquired Canadian-based polyolefin major Nova Chemicals and is planning the huge Chemaweyaat chemical city in the new Mina Khalifa Industrial Zone.

It also has a 64% of Austria-based polyolefins group Borealis.

"What's interesting about the Chemaweyaat project is, first of all, its sheer scale (it includes several crackers, including a 1.45m tonne/year one due to start-up in 2012) and the fact that the range of derivatives downstream will be more diversified than is already common in the Middle East," the first source added.

"On a straight cost competitiveness basis, you might think that liquids cracking, which is going to happen at Chemaweyaat, doesn't make sense. But this is more than being about straight economics - it's about economic development and job creation."

And my colleague, Nigel Davis, recently wrote: "Dow Chemical on 12 November laid its cards on the table regarding its so-called 'asset light' strategy.

Dow is working through an arbitration process following its failed deal in Kuwait. The company says it is now talking to two potential partners for a proportion of it olefins assets and its polyethylene business. "

The future ownership of US petrochemicals assets in the US is also attracting a great deal of interest because, despite what could be deeply ingrained economic problems, it's a huge polymer and chemicals market.

And as Nubuo Tanaka - executive director of the International Energy Agency (IEA) - said in a presentation in Singapore earlier this week, shale gas had resulted in a "silent revolution" in US natural-gas supply since 2007.

With 70% of US ethylene production based on natural-gas liquids, according to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), the ground has shifted thanks to this unconventional shale-gas supply.

"Gas supply has become tight in the Middle East and abundant in the US perhaps for the long term, meaning that US petrochemicals is not dead and buried," claimed the first source.

"I expect export competitiveness from the US to be strong for at least the next three years on the comparatively low prices of natural gas over naphtha."

Thermoplastic exports from the US rose by 16% in the year-to-date as a against a 14% decline in domestic sales, said the ACC in its latest weekly report.

SABIC's GE Plastics acquisition gave the Saudi giant a foothold in this huge market, where handling and distribution costs can act as an effective trade barrier.

There have also been unconfirmed reports of Reliance Industries being interested in acquiring LyondellBasell.

Reliance Industries has made an offer for LyondellBasell says an official statement released yesterday on the LyondellBasell website:

"LyondellBasell has received a preliminary non-binding offer from Reliance Industries Limited to acquire for cash a controlling interest in the company contemporaneously with the company's emergence from Chapter 11 reorganization.

"This offer is in addition to the previous non-binding equity financing proposals received by the company and represents a potential alternative to the initial plan of reorganization previously filed by the company."

This confirms months of rumours to this effect. According to an unnamed merchant banker quoted by the Times of India, Reliance would have to pay at least $12bn - double an earlier estimate by the Economic Times.

India could be playing a major role in the shift of basis chemicals ownership from West to East - along with the Middle East

After failing in its efforts to capture Innovene and then Dow Chemical's commodity petchems unit, this is Reliance's fresh attempt to move into the global top league. The ICIS top 100 places LyondellBasell at the No 4 slot of top chemical companies globally.

A marriage of the two companies would result in a formidable giant with an annual turnover in excess of $75bn, including Reliance's earnings from its growing oil, gas and refining portfolio. It would also create the largest PP producer and also a top player in PE and give Reliance access to LyondellBasell's profitable technology portfolio.

Reliance's offer is subject to due diligence and sufficient credit support. The company issued a very cautious statement: "This review is ongoing and there can be assurance of the outcome with respect to any of the opportunities under review."

Reliance, it appears, is evaluating other opportunities too in its core businesses.

LyondellBasell's statement confirms that Reliance had earlier placed non-binding equity financial proposals and the latest offer represented was a 'potential alternative to the initial plan of reorganization'.

LyondellBasell was the first petrochemical giant to stumble at the start of the crisis last year. And it looks like it could well be the first big ticket M&A deal in what promises to be a busy season ahead.

We have already heard of IPIC on the prowl for European and US chemical assets and then Mitsubishi Chemical confirmed that it is looking to acquire Mitsubishi Rayon for $2.5bn.

An investment banker said last week that it was only in the last few months that he has seen an interest in boards and ceos. Capital market conditions have improved substantially and money will not be a deterrent, especially for companies like Reliance which are already sitting on huge piles of cash.

Relaince's biggest problem in the past has been its conservative valuations which have seen the company lose out to other global bidders, except in a few instances (Trevira and Hualon). There are already reports of rival bids emerging for LyondellBasell from Chinese companies and private equity investors. And ICIS news reported last week that analysts believe that LyondellBasell would also be a good fit for IPIC.

So will Reliance change its mindset and be bolder this time?