July 2009 Archives

Running on empty

Fancy never having to buy gas for your car again? Well, you're in (or should that be urine) for a treat

Have you ever run out of gas? The gauge on your dashboard is perilously close to the red, with the needle almost pointing to "Empty." Stranded, what do you do? Should you call for assistance, trudge to the nearest gas station or wait for some kind-hearted soul to pull over and help?

The answer could now be close at hand: researchers from Ohio University in the US are not taking the proverbial but claim that urine could power the cars of the future.

According to the UK's Royal Society of Chemistry, Gerardine Botte - an associate professor at the university - has been working on a new technique that uses the unlimited natural resource to produce hydrogen, and all with a fraction of the energy needed to extract it from water.

For some time hydrogen has been heralded as a more environmentally friendly way to power vehicles and an alternative to conventional fossil fuels, particularly because the only emission generated is water. However, its development has so far been limited by hefty production costs.

Electrolysis, Botte says, can be used to break down urine's main component urea to release hydrogen.

Botte has been working on the development of a nickel-based electrode to oxidize the urea using a voltage of only 0.37V rather than the 1.23V needed to split water.

Research was initially carried out using synthetic urine made from dissolved urea, but it turns out that human urine is just as effective - and far easier to source. However, Botte admits that it was an extremely lengthy process to get approval to test it.

If this proves successful, future applications could see this method adapted for use in wastewater treatment facilities.

So not only will your gas tank never run dry again, but you will no longer be hit in your wallet by wildly fluctuating prices.

Whether the oil companies will be enamored by this new development remains to be seen.

Who knows, perhaps drinking - water, of course - and driving may actually be necessary in the future? You just have to be careful where you choose to fill your fuel tank.

In a lather: The chemical conscience of Dr. Bronner

Because cleanliness is next to godliness, there once was a man who thought universal peace and harmony could be brought about through a tingly, peppermint-scented soap



Regular visitors to health food shops or co-ops in the US, Australia, Canada, the UK, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan have probably seen the distinctive bottles of Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps, the epitome of strange American success story.

Not that the shape of the bottle is unique, it's the label: after the product's logo, ingredients and the standard US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) necessities, the label is crammed almost to the point of illegibility with a multitude of sayings, homilies, advice regarding the multiple uses of the soap - in addition to bathing, the soap can also be used, it is suggested, as mosquito repellant and toothpaste - and quotations from historical figures, all rendered in an English that might be best described as broken.
Nonsense, utopia and an anionic surfactant delivery system in a hypnotic design.

As the arcane knowledge and urban legend website The Straight Dope put it,
"Can you imagine a slogan like, 'Eternal Father, Eternal One! Exceptions eternally? Absolute none!' on the side of a Tide box?"

It is all part of the philosophy the soap's creator, the late Emanuel Bronner (1908-1997), called the "Moral ABCs," otherwise known as his "All-One-God-Faith."



[Sorry, but the label is just too dense to reproduce here properly, please go HERE to have a better look. It's amazing: by the way, my favorite phrase is, "Dilute! Dilute! OK!"

[Meanwhile if you're interested in a much more legible transcription of Dr. Bronner's amazing label, go HERE.]

Bronner was certain his "Moral ABCs" would teach humans to love thy neighbor and put aside war, and eventually save "Spaceship Earth."

But as Bronner's sister pointed out in a letter to family members over 50 years ago, unfortunately, "it is not normal to unite Spaceship Earth."

In 1947, Bronner escaped from a mental institution in Illinois (he'd been locked up for promoting the "Moral ABCs" too vociferously in Chicago) and made his way to California where, the next year, he started making his soap.

Be that as it may, Bronner was at the vanguard of the organic or green movement using "natural" ingredients from the beginning, and with the help of his more business-minded sons--when Jim Bronner returned home from the Navy in the mid-1960s, he said he was "disgusted" at his dad's "Mickey Mouse operation" and began implementing changes-- turned the peppermint-scented business into something successful.

Maybe nothing to give Proctor & Gamble sleepless nights, but a steady and faithful clientele that have supplied the company with approximately $6m/year in sales from at least 1997 to 2005. Yearly, the company sells roughly 400,000 gallons of liquid soap and 600,000 lbs. of bar soap.

Fan of the soap include rapper Eminem and actors Drew Barrymore and Sandra Bullock.



A documentary about the man and his soap has been recently released to DVD, titled Dr. Bronner's Magic Soapbox, and it's a worthwhile view: Showing the good and bad this obsessed businessman caused: often he'd have to abandon his children with foster parents as he took to the road, pitching soap and his "All-One!"

Interestingly, Bronner, a hero to the counterculture (the company's CFO--Jim's wife--says in the film, "The backbone of the company is the counterculture"), was a fervent anti-communist; and a bit of a crank about it, as well: He sent many letters to the FBI regarding his fears that the fluoridation of drinking water was a communist plot. Shaking any expectations you might now have about Bronner, consider this: he became friendly with former Black Panther Eldritch Cleaver after they bonded over health foods.

Putting aside what you might feel about Bronner's seemingly contrasting beliefs, here's a poor immigrant chemist who set out on his own, turning his rented apartment into a lab where he manufactured his product, who then tried to sell it everywhere he could out of the back of his truck.

And according to Bronner's sons, he would give the soap away until the customers bought it. He may have been the archetypical "absent minded professor," but he believed strongly in hard work.

I'm impressed: Bronner has made a product with a philosophy that has never wavered. Sure you can call him a Grade-A Kook, but he's done what he's believed in, using chemistry.

And grandson David Bronner (Jim's son), now president of Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps, keeps fighting the good fight:

Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps was the first US company to use 100% post-consumer recycled plastic for its bottles, and it routinely gives away about 70% of net profits to a variety of charitable organizations.

The company is also especially fervent about how terms like "organic" are misused.

At the beginning of July, the family-owned business filed its Second Amended Complaint against several personal care companies. At the hearing, David said,

"Organic consumers expect that the main cleansing and moisturizing ingredients in 'Organic' or 'Organics' products are in fact made from organic material, and are not simply conventional formulations with some organic tea on top. If defendants cannot live up to their organic claims, they need to drop those claims. The misleading organic noise created by culprit companies' labeling practices, confuses, misleads and deceives organic consumers who want to buy authentic organic personal care products, the main ingredients of which are in fact made with certified organic, not conventional or petrochemical, material, and are free of synthetic preservatives."

All-One!

Spider businessman

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Investors, pay attention! And the next big wave of research will be from the field of... arachnids?

Unless the producers of the next Spider-Man flick are committing some deranged (yet potentially remunerative and rewarding) publicity scheme, there is something deliciously arthropodial in the air:

The Max Planck Institute in Germany has incorporated metal into the proteins of a spider's silk, strengthening it further. The problem is getting enough spider silk to efficiently commercialize the process, so researchers are now working to incorporate metals into silkworms' product.

Using a golden orb-weaver (one of the more popular research spiders due to its tough and elastic silk), researchers at the University of Akron, in Ohio, have controlled massed bundles of spider strands through humidity. With their method, Akron scientists have lifted and lowered a 100-milligram weight with a strand only five microns thick.

In theory, they say, it's possible to lift tons. The problem is getting enough spider silk.

"Spider silk is one of the strongest and most resilient fibers known to mankind," says analyst Joseph Noel of Emerging Growth Research of San Francisco. "It is significantly stronger than steel on a pound for pound basis... Spider silk... has no comparison relative to its ability to absorb energy before breakage occurs."

Noel notes, "Kevlar pales in comparison."

A Spider silk "super-fiber" would be aimed at the $90bn/year global technical textiles market.

Year of the Spider
It is impossible to farm or ranch spiders: they maintain territorial boundaries brutally, and will become cannibalistic in close quarters. But silkworms? They are hardly so individualistic. And centuries of controlled breeding have made them about 40% silk glands.

Researchers from the Lansing, Michigan-based Kraig Biocraft Laboratories (KBL), in cooperation with the University of Norte Dame and the University of Wyoming, are working on transplanting/crossing the DNA from the silk glands of spiders to the silk glands of silkworms to produce high-performance polymers, and Noel feels the company is "on the verge of a major breakthrough."

One segment of the high-performance fibers market that KBL has its sights on is aramid fibers, where DuPont's Kevlar rules the roost, with an estimated $5bn/year in sales.

Future markets

Spider specialist Sarah Goodacre of the University of Nottingham, feels that the focus should move from the orb-weaver spider to other varieties. Her preference is the tarantula: "Tarantula silk really is one of the unexplored areas," she told the BBC. "We don't know what it is made of or how useful it might be to us."

Who knows? In a few months, I may be writing an article on which spider will win the biochemical spider silk research wars: The golden orb weaver, or the infamous tarantula?

Just as long as I get one of the first bulletproof spider silk shirts, either way, I'll be happy.

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