ICIS Supply and Demand Database

HOUSTON (ICIS)–Corn production is forecasted to increase by 17 million bushels while soybean output is expected to decline by 4 million bushels, according to the October World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimate (WASDE) report from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). In the monthly update the agency said the current outlook for corn is for smaller supplies, larger exports and reduced ending stocks. Projected beginning stocks for 2024-2025 are now 52 million bushels lower based on the Grain Stocks report. Corn production is now being forecasted at 15.2 billion bushels, up 17 million bushels from last month on a 0.2-bushel increase in yield to stand at 183.8 bushels/acre. Harvested area for grain is unchanged at 82.7 million acres. Total use is raised slightly to 15.0 billion bushels reflecting greater exports, and with supply falling and use rising, the ending stocks have been reduced by 58 million bushels to 2 billion bushels. The October WASDE said the season-average corn price received by producers is unchanged at $4.10/bushel. For soybeans, the USDA is showing that production is now being forecasted at 4.6 billion bushels, which is down 4 million bushels and is based on expectations of lower yields. Harvested area is unchanged at 86.3 million acres. The monthly update reveal that soybean yield is now projected at 53.1 bushels/acre, down 0.1 bushels from the September update. As lower production is being partly offset by slightly higher beginning stocks the USDA said supplies are lowered by 2 million bushels to stand at 4.9 billion bushels. With a slightly lower residual and no change to exports and crush, ending stocks are unchanged from last month at 550 million bushels. The season-average soybean price is unchanged at $10.80/bushel. The next WASDE report will be released on 8 November.

11-Oct-2024

HOUSTON (ICIS)–Rates for shipping containers from east Asia and China to the US continued to fall after a lengthy strike was averted at US Gulf and East Coast ports and as peak season volumes have largely been pulled forward. The International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) strike lasted just three days, and market analysts expect backlogs created by the work stoppage to be cleared up in two to three weeks, or even less at the Port of New York/New Jersey. Some ports extended gate hours to allow more time for containers to be delivered or picked up. Nathan Strang, the US Southwest director of ocean freight for Flexport, said the company is seeing relatively fluid terminal operations and railroad operations. Strang said all detentions and demurrage rules from the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) remain in effect but noted that time frames for detention and demurrage restarted on 7 October after the strike ended. CONTAINER RATES FALL Global average rates for shipping containers continued to fall, according to multiple analysts. Supply chain advisors Drewry has its World Container Index (WCI) at $3,349/FEU (40-foot equivalent unit), which is down by 4% and shown in the following chart. Drewry said Shanghai to Los Angeles container rates fell by 5%, and Shanghai to New York rates fell by 3%, as shown in the following chart. Following the tentative deal between the ILA and the ports, Drewry expects rates ex-China to continue to decrease marginally in the coming weeks. Online freight shipping marketplace and platform provider Freightos said rates fell by a larger degree, but its rates had been higher. Judah Levine, head of research at Freightos, said carriers are also planning to reduce deployed capacity on the transatlantic trade lane later in the month in the hope of preventing rates from falling back to the $1,600-1,800/FEU level they had maintained for much of the year. “With the strike over and peak season demand largely behind us from a significant pull forward of volumes in the last couple months, transpacific container rates should continue to ease on the seasonal lull in volumes between peak season and Lunar New Year,” Levine said. Container ships and costs for shipping containers are relevant to the chemical industry because while most chemicals are liquids and are shipped in tankers, container ships transport polymers, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), are shipped in pellets. They also transport liquid chemicals in isotanks. LIQUID TANKER RATES UNCHANGED US chemical tanker freight rates held steady again this week for most trade lanes, even though vessel demand is growing for some routes. Most rates from the major chemical hubs remain sideways as a good portion of the market were attending the European Petrochemical Association (EPCA) conference in Berlin. The USG to Asia lane was also quiet following holidays. Although it is likely that increased exports ex–USG will be seen going into Europe and Asia, primarily as clean petroleum products (CPP) tonnage continues to focus on alternative cargoes in the petrochemical space, thereby adding to spot availability, which is already well supplied. On the transatlantic front, the eastbound leg is expected to warm up with cargoes being quoted including styrene to ARA from several US Gulf ports. With additional reporting by Kevin Callahan Visit the ICIS Logistics – impact on chemicals and energy topic page

11-Oct-2024

HOUSTON (ICIS)–Some ports in Florida have resumed operations while millions in the US state remain without power after Hurricane Milton made landfall earlier in the week, south of the fertilizer hub of Tampa. A few ports in Florida have maintained Port Condition Zulu, under which they are closed to inbound and outbound vessels. Others have reopened and have set Port Condition IV, which is a hurricane seasonal alert to which ports return after a storm. The following table summarizes the port conditions in Florida. Port Status Condition Port of Pensacola Open Normal Port Panama City Open Draft restrictions Port St Joe Open Normal Port Tampa Bay Closed Zulu SeaPort Manatee Closed Zulu PortMiami Open IV Port Everglades Open IV Port of Palm Beach Open IV Fort Pierce Open with Restrictions IV with restrictions Port Canaveral Open IV Jaxport Open IV Port of Fernandina Closed Zulu Source: US Coast Guard OUTAGESFlorida has more than 2.2 million reported outages, according to the website poweroutage.us. That is down by more than 1 million versus the immediate aftermath of the hurricane. Prolonged outages can disrupt economic activity and slow down demand for plastics and chemicals. CSX WARNS OF RAIL DELAYSThe railroad company CSX warned of delays while it works to clear tracks, install generators and conduct repairs. All routes north of Jacksonville, Florida are open with no anticipated issues, it said. The area south, from Callahan to the north end of Anthony, is also clear. Work continues in central Florida, and CSX is addressing washouts on the Carter and Vitis subdivisions. The CFR line should be open later Friday night, providing a potential route into Winter Haven. CSX is making contingency plans for possible issues with a gas pipe washout near the Miami area. IMPACT ON FERTILIZERS, PHOSPHATES, CHEMSFor chemicals, there is some epoxy resin, phenolic resin and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) production in Lakeland and Kathleen, Florida. Milton will make landfall far from Pensacola, Florida, which has plants that make nylon and thermoset resins. Tampa is an important hub for the US fertilizer industry, hosting corporate offices, trading, product storage, shipping and other logistical operations. Fertilizer producer Mosaic has its headquarters in Tampa. The company has not issued any statements regarding its corporate operations. A source at the fertilizer company Yara said it was shutting down its Tampa offices to comply with the evacuation orders. Near Tampa is Florida's phosphate mining operations in Bone Valley, which covers parts of Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee and Polk counties. In all, Florida has 27 phosphate mines, of which nine are active, according to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Canadian fertilizer producer Nutrien has yet to restart its White Springs phosphate operations following Helene, an earlier hurricane that made landfall farther north in Florida’s Big Bend region. On 30 September, Mosaic said its Riverview operations were off line following water intrusion from a storm surge caused by Hurricane Helene. Thumbnail Photo: Hurricane Milton. (By Cira/Noaa/Planet Pix via ZUMA Press Wire/Shutterstock)

11-Oct-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–The risks for Germany’s chemical industry keep rising, economists said during a webinar hosted by chemical producers’ trade group VCI, and noted: Weak demand, domestically and abroad Investments stall Geopolitical uncertainty Contrary to hopes at the start of the year, Europe’s largest economy is likely to shrink for a second straight year in 2024, the government said this week in revising its previous 0.3% GDP growth projection to a 0.2% decline. The economy shrank 0.3% in 2023 and has not been able to generate strong growth since 2018. Weak or negative GDP trends translate into lower demand for chemicals. So far this year, demand for chemicals from nearly all domestic key customer industries, except food and paper, has been weak, said VCI economist Christiane Kellermann. Year-on-year % changes in domestic chemical sales, by major customer markets, January-August 2024: Construction: -3.9% Plastics: -4.5% Metal products: -7.4% Autos: -5.8% Food: +1.5% Glass, ceramics: -7.8% Paper: +0.9% Printing products: -7.3% Furniture: -7.3% Machinery: -8.3% Electrical equipment: -16.1% Source: VCI Many of the chemical industry’s customers in manufacturing are curbing their production, and in the important construction end market there is no noticeable recovery. Meanwhile, export sales of German chemicals were weak in most regions, with the exception of Asia, Kellermann said. Year-on-year % changes in chemical exports, by region, January-July: EU: -2.5% Non-EU Europe: -1.1% Asia: +1.8% North America: -3.6% Latin America: -3.4% Source: VCI INVESTMENTSThe low demand translates into low production rates and low capacity utilization. In fact, over the past two-and-half years chemical producers have been running plants at utilization levels that were below profitability thresholds, Kellermann said. As companies suffer low demand in Germany, with little prospect of improvement, and cannot run existing plants and equipment at profitable levels, it does not make sense for them to invest in new plants, she said. In a recent VCI survey, 74% of chemical companies said they were unlikely to invest in expanding production in Germany, she noted. Only 15% said they were likely to invest in expanding production while 9% were undecided, according to the survey. Companies cited the country’s bureaucracy and long project permitting processes, high energy and labor costs, and high and complicated corporate taxes as key obstacles to investing in Germany. Only 13% said that a lack of trained workers deterred them from investing in the country. With little or no new investment, “import pressures” rise and the chemical industry’s export capabilities will decline in coming years, she said. Germany’s chemical industry loses in international competitiveness, in particular in energy-intensive basic chemicals, she added. GEOPOLITICAL RISKS Michael Gromling, an economist from the German Economic Institute in Cologne, who was also presenting at the VCI webinar, estimated that in order to return to a meaningful growth path and achieve a recovery (“Aufschwung”), Germany needed to generate annual average GDP growth of 2.5% from 2025 through 2030. This, however, was “not realistic”, given the weakness across all industries and the geopolitical and structural challenges companies face, he said. The country’s industries were export-dependent and therefore sensitive to geopolitical tensions, trade conflicts and protectionism, he said. Geopolitical tensions were holding back investment decisions, and without a detente it would be very difficult for Germany to achieve its Aufschwung, he said. An end to the Ukraine war and peace in the Middle East would be a “game changer”, creating an opportunity for reviving the global investment cycle, he added. However, rather than relaxing, tensions could further sharpen after the 5 November US presidential election, he said. Gromling did not say which candidate – current Vice President Kamala Harris or former President Donald Trump – he sees as the greater risk. For the time being, VCI maintains its 2024 growth forecast for the country’s chemical-pharmaceutical production unchanged at 3.5% (excluding pharma: +5.0%). If realized, the increase would only partially offset last year’s 7.9% production decline (excluding pharma: -10.4%). However, VCI may cut its 2024 sales forecast of 1.5% as exports were trending weaker than expected, Kellermann indicated. Focus article by Stefan Baumgarten Thumbnail image source: VCI

11-Oct-2024

BARCELONA (ICIS)–German specialty group Evonik plans to restructure two of its business units, putting non-core assets up for sale, closure or partnerships. The Coating & Adhesive Resins and Health Care businesses will be extensively reorganized, with operations generating sales of €350 million slated for strategic changes, the company said on Friday. In Health Care, production of keto acids for pharmaceutical applications in Hanau, Germany, is to be discontinued at the end of 2025, with the loss of around 260 jobs. For the sites in Ham (France) and Wuming (China) active in the same business, partnerships or divestments are being evaluated. The amino and keto acids business generates sales of around €100 million. In future, the Health Care business line will focus on what Evonik considers to be its growth areas: lipids for mRNA and gene therapies, drug delivery systems, and cell culture ingredients. Caspar Gammelin, head of the Nutrition & Care division, said: “Our amino and keto acids businesses in Ham and Wuming are strong and offer great potential. With investments in these sites, these businesses could reach their full potential and flourish. We are therefore examining options such as partnerships or divestments that would allow the businesses to prosper.” COATINGS RESTRUCTURE Evonik’s Coating & Adhesive Resins business line will focus on two core areas for growth: liquid polybutadienes as additives for adhesives and sealants or tires, and specialty acrylics for medical technology and the packaging industry. The business line’s existing polyolefins business, with sales of around €100 million, will be transferred to the C4 chain business at Evonik. In the future, the business will be sold as part of the C4 chain business. The €150 million turnover polyester business for coating and adhesive applications is to be sold. It has around 330 employees in Germany and China. The largest site, with around 250 employees, is in Witten (Germany). A smaller plant in Shanghai has around 30 employees. Lauren Kjeldsen, head of the responsible division Smart Materials, said: “To be successfully competing in the long term globally and to generate the necessary margins, investments are needed – and other companies for which polyester is a core business can realize these better than we can.” Evonik, like many of its peers in the European chemical sector, is under intense pressure from mainly China-driven global overcapacity, with companies under pressure to take radical action to focus on core assets and close or sell other operations. As well as the ramp-up in global production capacity, the region is being battered by a global slump in demand and a high cost base, which has led to collapsing margins and a wave of capacity closures across Europe. Thumbnail photo: Evonik's Essen, Germany, campus. Source: Evonik

11-Oct-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–Senior Editor for Recycling Matt Tudball discusses the latest developments in the European recycled polyethylene terephthalate (R-PET) market, including: UK colourless flake range widens in October Eastern Europe bale, flake price views divided Frustration around single-use plastics directive (SUPD) uncertainty Food-grade pellet demand weak ahead of January SUPD target

11-Oct-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–Imagine you sold a product with no control over how much of it was produced at any one time; that you had to sell it within weeks of it being produced regardless of what the demand for it was like; and that the demand was constantly changing. For most waste managers, no imagination is required, this is their daily reality. And it’s one of the biggest drivers of volatility throughout the recycling chain globally. Waste originates from both the general public and industry, and as a result, the composition and quantity of waste generated at any one time varies continuously depending on consumer behaviour and industrial production trends. Waste managers typically hold contracts for waste collection with municipalities. They cannot turn material away. Because of variations in consumer and industrial production trends, different countries can have vastly different supply at any one time. The quality of that input waste (how contaminated it is, the tensile strength etc.) depends on a variety of factors including how it's been treated and stored before its entered the chain, the type of additives it contains, what other materials it has come into contact with (because contact with substances such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) causes contamination), level of discolouration, gel content, and odour. Coupled with this, the more times a polymer has been recycled, the lower its tensile strength, and typically end-use suitability becomes increasingly limited. How many cycles it takes before the waste material becomes unusable varies from polymer-to-polymer, process to process, and level of other degradation. The longer you store waste (this is typically, but not exclusively, in the form of bales) without reprocessing it – or selling it on for reprocessing – the more it degrades. This can be due to a number of things, including the contaminants it contains, thermolytic degradation (from heat – typically the sun), and hydrolytic degradation (from water – common in the case of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Meanwhile, new (and perhaps more valuable) strains of waste are constantly entering the chain, and warehouse space is limited. If the waste quality is too low, then waste managers either need to dispose of the material, sell it to the burn-for-energy sector, or use it captively for energy creation. Burn-for-energy bales typically sell at negative values, whereby sellers pay for the removal of waste based on cost saving against alternative disposal methods. As a result, most waste managers look to offload bales within a timeframe of around 4-6 weeks (although this varies from market to market). Reprocessed recycled material, meanwhile, serves a huge variety of end-use markets. Major offtake markets include, but aren’t limited to, packaging, construction, automotive, outdoor furniture, refuse bags, strapping, and horticulture. Demand between the end-uses also varies dramatically, and players in each market purchase for differing reasons. Some markets, such as packaging, are heavily driven by brand sustainability targets and regulation, other markets, such as construction, mostly purchase on cost saving against virgin. This has huge impacts on willingness to pay, Intensifying legislative and consumer pressure on sustainability in packaging over the past few years has seen a significant pricing gap develop between display packaging suitable, and non-display packaging suitable grades across most global recycled polymer markets. There is currently, for example, a spread of up to €1,500/tonne between the highest priced grade of Europe recycled polypropylene (R-PP) pellet (which is a post-consumer natural grade predominantly used in domestic goods and cosmetic applications), and the lowest priced grade (which is black injection-moulded pellets, which typically serves non-packaging applications). Ideally (from their point of view) waste managers and recyclers would primarily serve applications driven by sustainability targets where premiums are typically highest. Nevertheless, each downstream market has differing technical requirements  – with display packaging and automotive typically having the strictest technical requirements and construction, bin bags and outdoor furniture the lowest. This means that there is typically a higher volume of material sold into non-packaging applications. While sorting allows waste managers to extract the valuable fractions and, to an extent, control contaminants etc. it doesn’t control the input waste mix. So the type of material suitable to serve each application is changing constantly. There is also a direct correlation between feedstock waste quality and reprocessed output quality for both mechanical and chemical recycling. This creates a continuous supply/demand mismatch that is often underappreciated by players newly entering the market. This mismatch coupled with the need to offload material relatively quickly is the reason, for example, 90% mixed polyolefin bale prices have traded as high as €600/tonne ex-works NWE (northwest Europe) and as low as €0/tonne ex-works NWE since July 2022. Because waste fractions typically produce a variety of different flake and pellet grades depending on what is extractable from individual bales – especially for recycled polyolefins – they typically react to system wide demand in each locality. Individual flake and pellet prices, though, often react to demand from specific end-use markets. This can result in periods where waste bale prices are high but prices for some flake and pellet grades those bales serve are low, resulting in squeezed margins. This is especially true for grades that are purchased for cost-saving reasons, meaning that they need to aggressively compete with virgin and off-spec material. The reverse also regularly occurs, whereby bale prices can be low because demand in key end-uses such as construction is weak and general availability of waste is high, but volumes extracted for packaging suitable grades are limited and demand from that particular sector is firm. It is also increasingly common for material with broadly identical specifications to trade at different price levels depending on which sector it is being sold into. Further distortions in the chain are created because reprocessed material such as flakes and pellets can be stored for long-periods of time, and flake and pellet producers are not forced to offload material as quickly as waste managers. This leads to fragmented and localised downstream markets where spreads against feedstock costs and profitability are constantly shifting. Volatile feedstock costs also results in challenges for investment. This is particularly true for emerging technologies such as chemical recycling and bio-based plastics. Thatis because new producers seeking private investment are often required to project future costs (typically for a period of at least 5 years), with waste feedstock typically their largest variable cost. The unpredictability of waste values make this a herculean task. When players first explore circular plastic markets, they are often surprised by the variability and fragmentation of prices through the chain. In the majority of cases the direct cause can be traced back to the feedstock waste markets. ICIS assesses more than 100 grades throughout the recycled plastic value chain globally – from waste bales through to pellets. This includes recycled polyethylene (R-PE), recycled PET (R-PET), R-PP, mixed plastic waste and pyrolysis oil. On 1 October ICIS launched a recycled polyolefins agglomerate price range as part of the Mixed Plastic Waste and Pyrolysis Oil (Europe) pricing service. For more information on ICIS’ recycled plastic products, please contact the ICIS recycling team at recycling@icis.com

11-Oct-2024

HOUSTON (ICIS)–Backlogs created by the three-day strike at US Gulf and East Coast ports could last for two to three weeks, although there are indications that operations could return to normal sooner rather than later at the Port of New York/New Jersey. Judah Levine, head of research at online freight shipping marketplace and platform provider Freightos, said many industry analysts were predicting two to three weeks to clear the backlog of container ships created when the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) went on strike. Levine estimated there were 45-60 vessels at anchor off US Gulf and East Coast ports from the strike. But he said officials at the Port of New York/New Jersey, the largest on the East Coast, said the work stoppage was more akin to short weather-related closures they see with winter storms and expect operations could return to normal in a matter of days, and maybe even by the end of the week. Levine said the larger impact could be from a build in containers at the ports. Some ports extended gate times to allow customers extra time to collect or deliver containers. “In the meantime, shippers with containers at the ports or on vessels at anchor or vessels arriving quite soon will probably continue to experience some delays, and for some that could impact inventory availability in the next couple weeks,” Levine said. The strike did not impact the movement of liquid chemical tankers as most terminals that handle those vessels are privately owned and do not necessarily use union labor. Also, tankers do not require as much labor as container or dry cargo vessels, which must be loaded and unloaded with cranes and require labor for forklifts and trucks. Container ships and costs for shipping containers are relevant to the chemical industry because while most chemicals are liquids and are shipped in tankers, container ships transport polymers, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), are shipped in pellets. They also transport liquid chemicals in isotanks. IMPACT OF STRIKE, HURRICANES ON TRUCKING Market participants are also watching for tight supply or shortages of inland trucking services because of the work stoppage and because of two hurricanes in succession that hit Florida and other southeastern states. Downstream chemical buyers and compounders could begin to see issues with road freight in terms of higher costs and lower availability. Rates could see upward pressure given the severity of the damage to roads and highways in the East Tennessee and North Carolina regions as the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) works to assist in the recovery. FEMA also gets precedence on trucking to be able to move goods or equipment needed for the recovery efforts. UPDATE ON ILA/USMX NEGOTIATIONS While the work stoppage ended after three days, the terminology was that it was suspended until 15 January, with only the salary part of a future deal agreed to by both parties. Levine said the union remains steadfast in its opposition to any kind of automation at the ports – full or semi – that would replace jobs or historical work functions. Levine said the union has continued to state its case against automation even as they returned to work. Levine said shippers will keep 15 January in mind as there is a chance another work stoppage could occur if no definitive agreement is reached by then. Visit the ICIS Logistics – impact on chemicals and energy topic page

10-Oct-2024

HOUSTON (ICIS)–Nearly 3.4 million outages have been reported in Florida in the aftermath of Hurricane Milton, which made landfall as a powerful Category 3 hurricane near Sarasota, Florida, south of the important fertilizer hub of Tampa. Milton may have caused more damage had it passed over Tampa, according to CoreLogic, an insurance data company. RAIL UPDATERailroad company CSX said it has relocated all of its locomotives and cars from low-lying areas in Tampa and rerouted them. CSX operations will continue in and out of Waycross from the north, east and west directions. It will continue operating into and out of the intermodal ramps at Jacksonville, Florida. On 8 October, CSX said it had taken the following steps. Closed the Central Florida ILC intermodal gate. Closed the Tampa, FL intermodal gate. Closed the TRANSFLO terminals at Tampa, Tampa Port and Sanford. Another railroad company, Norfolk Southern, has not updated its notice from 7 October, when it said it was monitoring and preparing for Hurricane Milton. FLORIDA PORTS REMAIN CLOSEDMany ports in Florida have maintained their Zulu port conditions, which means they are closed to inbound and outbound vessels. The following table summarizes the conditions among the major ports in Florida. Port Status Condition Port of Pensacola Open Normal Port Panama City Open Draft restrictions Port St Joe Open Normal Port Tampa Bay Closed Zulu SeaPort Manatee Closed Zulu PortMiami Open Yankee Port Everglades Open Yankee Port of Palm Beach Closed Zulu Fort Pierce Closed Zulu Port Canaveral Closed Zulu Jaxport Closed Zulu Port of Fernandina Closed Zulu Source: US Coast Guard. IMPACT ON FERTILIZERS, PHOSPHATES, CHEMSFor chemicals, there is some epoxy resin, phenolic resin and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) production in Lakeland and Kathleen, Florida. Milton will make landfall far from Pensacola, Florida, which has plants that make nylon and thermoset resins. Tampa is an important hub for the US fertilizer industry, hosting corporate offices, trading, product storage, shipping and other logistical operations. Fertilizer producer Mosaic has its headquarters in Tampa. The company has not issued any statements regarding its corporate operations. A source at the fertilizer company Yara said it was shutting down its Tampa offices to comply with the evacuation orders. Near Tampa is Florida's phosphate mining operations in Bone Valley, which covers parts of Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee and Polk counties. In all, Florida has 27 phosphate mines, of which nine are active, according to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Canadian fertilizer producer Nutrien has yet to restart its White Springs phosphate operations following Helene, an earlier hurricane that made landfall farther north in Florida’s Big Bend region. On 30 September, Mosaic said its Riverview operations were off line following water intrusion from a storm surge caused by Hurricane Helene. POSSIBLE DAMAGEHurricane Milton could be extremely destructive because of its winds, rainfall and storm surge. It will pass over the following metropolitan statistical areas. Region Population Tampa 3,342,963 Orlando 2,817,933 Jacksonville 1,713,240 Sarasota 910,108 Source: US Census Bureau CoreLogic, the insurance data company, said Milton’s shift to the south of Tampa could limit the magnitude of insured losses. CHEMS AND RECONSTRUCTIONFor hurricanes in general, reconstruction can translate into increased demand for many chemicals and polymers. The white pigment titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in paints. Solvents used in paints and coatings include butyl acetate (butac), butyl acrylate (butyl-A), ethyl acetate (etac), glycol ethers, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and isopropanol (IPA). Blends of aliphatic and aromatic solvents are also used to make paints and coatings. For polymers, expandable polystyrene (EPS) and polyurethane (PU) foam are used in insulation. PUs are made of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyols. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is used in pipes. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used to make cladding, window frames, wires and cables, flooring and roofing membranes. Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are used to make coatings and composites. Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) is used to make paints and adhesives.

10-Oct-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–Glycolysis-based chemical recycling technology company Ioniqa has filed for bankruptcy protection, the company announced in press release on Thursday. The company is headquartered in the Netherlands. It is concentrated on chemically recycling polyethylene terephthalate (R-PET). In the press release, the company stated that it has determined that “achieving a positive cash flow from its advanced polyester recycling technology will take too long.” Advanced recycling is a term that is often used as an alternative description for chemical recycling (although mechanical recyclers also use the term advanced recycling to refer to some mechanical recycling processes). It attributed this to the comparatively low price of traditional virgin PET and the supply chain for chemically recycled PET still being in development. It also attributed some of the blame to “the implementation of regulated mandatory standards for meaningful recycling levels… [being] too far out into the future.”  It stated that this meant that large-scale deployment of its technology was not economically feasible at this time. Ioniqa has a glycolysis-based chemical recycling demonstration plant in Geleen, The Netherlands, which has been operational since 2019 and has an estimated output of 8,000 tonnes/year according the ICIS Recycling Supply Tracker – Chemical. Investors in the site include The Coca Cola Company, Unilever, Indorama Ventures, Koch Technology Solutions, and Infinity Recycling’s Circular Plastics Fund. Chemical recycling is an umbrella term for a variety of methods that use different production routes and feedstocks to create new material from waste. This means that each process (and each technology and individual player) has vastly different cost-structures and the economics of each chemical recycling method vary substantially.  Coupled with this, achievable prices for chemically recycled products vary significantly between grade and polymer type. Common chemical recycling methods include pyrolysis, gasification, glycolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis. In chemical recycling, chemical processes are used to revert waste back to an earlier molecular state. Waste can be reverted back to monomer, building block chemicals, or all the way back to crude oil/energy. Chemical recycling alters the fundamental chemical properties of the material. In glycolysis, a transesterification catalyst is used to break the ester linkages, which are replaced by hydroxyl terminals. This produces bisterephthalate (BHET) and PET glycozates. These can be reacted with aliphatic diacids to make: polyester polyols, which are in turn used in polyurethane (PU) foams; co-polyesters; unsaturated resins; and hydrophobic dyes. If combined with virgin BHET, the process produces chemically recycled PET via dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or purified terephthalic acid (PTA) glycolysis. Typical catalysts include monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), propylene glycol (PG) or dipropylene glycol (DPG). Transesterification does not work on polymers such as polyolefins due to a lack of cutting points. As a result, glycolysis is predominantly focussed on PET, and this means that it typically uses sorted and separated monomaterial as a feedstock, which can add additional cost. The most common form of chemical recycling in Europe is pyrolysis-based. This is in large part being driven by demand from ambitious brand sustainability targets in the packaging sector. Many fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) brands see chemical recycling as the only viable way to reach large scale food-grade packaging suitable recycled polyolefins given current EFSA requirements that 95% of input waste must be former food-contact to gain food-contact approval. Most PET input waste is sourced from used plastic drinks bottles, making it easier for R-PET producers to meet this 95% requirement than other polymers, and there is a well established R-PET food-grade pellet sector – using traditional recycling methods – across Europe. R-PET is also the only mechanical recycling technology recognised as suitable for producing food-contact material under European Commission regulation (EU) 2022/1616 on ‘recycled plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods’. Pyrolysis-based chemical recycling uses heat and pressure – typically in the absence of oxygen, although it is sometimes present in controlled volumes – to transform waste feedstocks (most commonly plastic waste or end-of-life tyres) into an earlier molecular state. Pyrolysis-based plants targeting mixed plastic waste as feedstock – with a focus on polyolefins – currently account for more than 60% of all operating chemical recycling capacity in Europe according to ICIS Recycling Supply Tracker – Chemical. PET, however, does not pyrolyse. Highlighting just how variable achievable prices for chemically recycled materials can be, pyrolysis oil prices in Europe are currently regularly trading on the spot market anywhere from €800-2,200/tonne ex-works Europe depending on grade. ICIS assesses more than 100 grades throughout the recycled plastic value chain globally – from waste bales through to pellets. This includes recycled polyethylene (R-PE), recycled PET (R-PET), R-PP, mixed plastic waste and pyrolysis oil. On 1 October ICIS launched a recycled polyolefins agglomerate price range as part of the Mixed Plastic Waste and Pyrolysis Oil (Europe) pricing service. For more information on ICIS’ recycled plastic products, please contact the ICIS recycling team at recycling@icis.com

10-Oct-2024